READ AND WRITE
How video games affect the brain
Video gaming is clearly a popular form of
entertainment, with video gamers collectively spending 3 billion hours per week
in front of their screens. Due to their widespread use, scientists have
researched how video games affect the brain and behavior. Are these effects
positive or negative? We examine the evidence. At a glance, more than 150 million people in the United
States play video games regularly, or for at least 3 hours per week. The
average American gamer is a 35-year-old adult, with 72 percent of gamers aged
18 or older. For video game use by children, most parents – 71 percent –
indicate that video games have a positive influence on their child’s life.
Video game sales
continue to increase year on year. In 2016, the video game industry sold more
than 24.5 billion games – up from 23.2
billion in 2015, and 21.4 billion in 2014. The top three best-selling video
games of 2016 were Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare, Battlefield
1, and Grand Theft Auto V. These games fall into the
first-person shooter or action-adventure genres – the top two genres,
accounting for 27.5 percent and 22.5 percent of sales, respectively.
First-person shooter and action genres often stand accused of stirring
aggression and causing violence and addiction.
Decades of research examining video gaming and violence have failed to reach
consensus among scientists. Scientists have been unable to find a causal link
between playing video games and acts of violence in the real world.Top of Form
A growing body of evidence, however, shows that video gaming can
affect the brain and, furthermore, cause changes in many regions of the brain.
Scientists have recently collected and summarized results from 116 scientific
studies to determine how video games can influence our brains and behaviors.
The findings of their review were published
in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
“Games have sometimes been praised or demonized, often without
real data backing up those claims. Moreover, gaming is a popular activity, so
everyone seems to have strong opinions on the topic,” says Marc Palaus, first
author of the review. By looking at all research to date, Palaus and team aimed
to observe whether any trends had emerged with regard to how video games impact
the structure and activity of the brain. A total of 22 of the reviewed studies
explored structural changes in the brain and 100 studies analyzed changes in
brain functionality and behavior.
Results of the studies indicate that playing video games not only
changes how our brains perform but also their structure. For example, video
game use is known to affect attention. The studies included in the review show
that video game players display improvements in several types of attention,
including sustained attention and selective attention. Furthermore, the regions
of the brain that play a role in attention are more efficient in gamers compared
with non-gamers, and they require less activation to stay focused on demanding
tasks. Evidence also demonstrates that playing video games increases the size
and competence of parts of the brain responsible for visuospatial skills – a
person’s ability to identify visual and spatial relationships among objects. In
long-term gamers and individuals who had volunteered to follow a video game
training plan, the right hippocampus was enlarged. Researchers have discovered
that video gaming can be addictive – a phenomenon known as “Internet gaming
disorder.”
In gaming addicts, there are functional and structural alterations
in the neural reward system – a group of structures associated with feeling
pleasure, learning, and motivation. Exposing video game addicts to game-related
cues that cause cravings, and monitoring their brain responses, highlighted
these changes – changes that are also seen in other addictive disorders. “We
focused on how the brain reacts to video game exposure, but these effects do
not always translate to real-life changes,” notes Palaus. The research into the
effects of video gaming is still in its infancy and scientists are still
scrutinizing what aspects of gaming impact what brain regions and how. “It’s
likely that video games have both positive (on attention, visual and motor
skills) and negative aspects (risk of addiction), and it is essential we
embrace this complexity,” Palaus continues.
A team of researchers from the Florida State University has stated that people should be skeptical
of adverts that promote an increase in the performance of the brain that
results from brain training games. They have said that science does not support
these claims.“Our findings and previous studies confirm there’s very little
evidence these types of games can improve your life in a meaningful way,” says
Wally Boot, associate professor of psychology, an expert on age-related cognitive
decline.
People are increasingly under the impression that brain-training
apps will safeguard them against memory loss or cognitive disorders.
Researchers tested whether playing brain-training games enhanced the working
memory of players and thus improved other cognitive abilities, including
reasoning, memory, and processing speed – a process scientists call “far
transfer.” However, this was not the case.
“It’s possible to train people to become very good at tasks that
you would normally consider general working memory tasks: memorizing 70, 80,
even 100 digits,” explains Neil Charness, professor of psychology and a leading
authority on aging and cognition. “But these skills tend to be very specific
and not show a lot of transfer. The thing that seniors, in particular, should
be concerned about is, if I can get very good at crossword puzzles, is that
going to help me remember where my keys are? And the answer is probably no,” he
adds. Charness points out that if your goal is to improve cognitive function,
then aerobic exercise may help. Some research has found that aerobic activity
rather than mental activity enhances the brain.
In contrast, a study published in Nature found that through the use of a specially
designed 3-D video game, cognitive performance could be improved in older
adults and some of the adverse effects on the brain associated with aging,
reversed. Scientists at the University of California-San Francisco (UCSF)
clarify that this provides a measure of scientific support in the brain fitness
arena – criticized for lacking evidence – that brain training can stimulate
meaningful and lasting changes.
After 12 hours of training over the period of a month, study
participants aged between 60 to 85 years improved performance on the game that
surpassed that of individuals in their 20s playing the game for the first time.
Moreover, two other significant cognitive areas were improved: working memory
and sustained attention. These skills were maintained 6 months after completion
of their training. “The finding is a powerful example of how plastic the older
brain is,” says Dr. Adam Gazzaley, Ph.D., UCSF associate professor of neurology, physiology and
psychiatry and director of the Neuroscience Imaging Center. Dr. Gazzaley notes
that it is encouraging that even a little brain training can reverse some of
the brain decline that occurs with age.
A recent study conducted by neurobiologists at
the University of California-Irvine (UCI) found that playing 3-D video games
could also boost the formation of memories. Participants were allocated to
either a group that played video games with a 2-D environment or a 3-D
environment. After playing the games for 30 minutes per day for 2 weeks, the
students were given memory tests that engaged the brain’s hippocampus. The
participants in the 3-D group significantly improved their memory test scores
compared with the 2-D group. The 3-D group’s memory performance increased by 12
percent – the same amount that memory performance usually declines by between
45 and 70 years of age.
“First, the 3-D games have a few things the 2-D ones do not,” says
Craig Stark, of UCI’s Center for the Neurobiology of Learning & Memory.
“They’ve got a lot more spatial information in there to explore. Second,
they’re much more complex, with a lot more information to learn. Either way, we
know this kind of learning and memory not only stimulates but requires the
hippocampus.” Strategy video games, in particular, have shown promise in
improving brain function among older adults and may provide protection against dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
“If the target is to improve older adults’ cognitive control,
reasoning, and higher-order cognitive skills, and stave off dementia and
Alzheimer’s disease as long as possible, then maybe strategy games are the way
to go,” informs Chandramallika Basak, assistant professor at the Center for
Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences at the University
of Texas at Dallas. Basak, like Charness, agrees that cognitive training should
come second to physical activity programs when it comes to improving cognitive
function. Physical fitness programs have been linked with positive effects on
cognition and brain function and structure. There is evidence to suggest that
video games may be a viable treatment for depression and improve memory and mood in adults with
mild cognitive impairment. The effect of video games on the brain is a new area
of research that will continue to be explored. We may just be scraping the
surface of the potential that video games could present in enhancing cognitive
ability and preventing cognitive disorders.
